speakers
Agustín Sánchez Andrés
Research Professor at the Institute of Historical Research at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo and a member of Mexico’s National System of Researchers (level III). He holds a PhD in History from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. He has been visiting researcher at a number of institutions in Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Hungary, Venezuela and Chile. He is the author of over 100 publications on relations between Spain and Ibero-America and has published and edited (both solely and jointly) a diverse range of works on the subject, including: Una historia de encuentros y desencuentros. México y España en el siglo XIX (Mexico, 2001); El Ministerio de Ultramar. Una institución liberal para el gobierno de las colonias (Madrid, 2007); Imágenes e imaginarios sobre España en México (Mexico, 2008); México y la cuestión española en la Sociedad de Naciones (Tenerife, 2009); De Madrid a México. El exilio español y su impacto sobre la ciencia y el sistema educativo mexicano (Madrid, 2011); Las independencias iberoamericanas (Caracas, 2012); Los nuevos estados latinoamericanos y su inserción en el contexto internacional, 1810-1903 (Grenoble, 2012); Historia de las relaciones entre España y México, 1821-2014 (Madrid, 2015); Relaciones internacionales y construcción nacional: América Latina, 1810-1910 (Santiago de Chile, 2019) and Entre la espada y la pared. El fracaso del primer experimento autonómico español en Cuba, 1897-1898 (Castellón, 2020).
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Dr. Agustín Sánchez Andrés (research professor at the Institute of Historical Research at the Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo)
Dra. Alicia Gil Lázaro (associate professor in the Department of Economics and Economic History, in the Area of History and Economic Institutions, at the University of Seville)
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Alicia Gil Lázaro
Alicia Gil Lázaro has a PhD in History from El Colegio de México (Mexico) and the University of Alcalá (Spain). She is currently Associate Professor in the Department of Economics and Economic History, in the Area of History and Economic Institutions, at the University of Seville. Her research work focuses on the study of contemporary Spanish emigration, especially aspects related to the return and social welfare of migrant communities. She is the author of Inmigración y retorno. Españoles en la Ciudad de México, 1900-1936 (2015), and co-author of El retorno. Migración económica y exilio político en América Latina y España, and Migrações atlánticas no mundo contemporâneo (séculos XIX-XXI): novas abordagens e avanços teóricos. She is also the author of more than thirty papers and book chapters in Spanish, Mexican, Brazilian and Argentine publications. She has organised several research colloquia and seminars and participated in different research projects, including La prensa de la emigración española: acción cultural, patriotismo y recreación identitaria. Estudios de caso en Argentina, Cuba, México y Uruguay, 1870-1960 (IP: Concepción Navarro Azcúe-UCM, HAR2015-64494-R) and PIP 2017-2019-RES-2018-8-APN-DIR#CONICET/29-01-18 "Los españoles en la ciudad de Buenos Aires: estrategias y trayectorias de integración económica y socio-cultural (1914-2014)".
Alicia Mayer
Alicia Mayer completed her Bachelor's, Master's and Ph.D. in History at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).
She holds the position of full-time Senior researcher at the Historical Research Institute at UNAM. She is currently the Director of the branch of UNAM in Canada, since 2017.
Her research interests are oriented to the History of ideas, Colonial historiography, Comparative historiography (Europe and America in modern times) and European and Amerindian relationships XVIth-XVIII centuries. She is the author of four books on topics related to these studies. She has participated in multiple interdisciplinary research projects and has organized academic meetings and lectures in Mexico, Spain, the United States, Canada, France, Brazil, Israel, Germany
Dra. Alicia Mayer, (director of UNAM-Canada)
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Dra. Ana Elena González Treviño (director of UNAM-Reino Unido)
The Great Drainage Canal of Mexico City
A Veracruz jarocho in Mexico´s National Palace
Antonio López de Santa Anna, the British proposal and the centralist dilemma
Ana Elena González Treviño
Ana Elena González-Treviño is full professor and researcher in English Literature (Titular "C") at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She has a B.A. in English, an M.A. in Comparative Literature from UNAM, and an PhD in English from Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London. She has specialized in literary and cultural studies of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, cultural history, translation and literary criticism. She has published forty academic articles and book chapters. She has coordinated four collective books of literary and translation studies, and a book as sole author. She has directed and taken part in several research projects funded by PAPIIT-DGAPA. She directs a digital humanities project, Imaginary Mexico based on imagology about the representation of Mexico in seventeenth and eighteenth-century print culture. She has supervised 39 BA, MA and PhD dissertations; she has and taken part in 89 BA, 25 MA and 12 PhD adjudicating committees. She is a member the Critical Theory Seminar and the Digital Humanities Seminar. She has published a book of original poetry. She is a member of the National Research System, SNI. She was head of the Modern Languages Department and is the director of the Centre for Mexican Studies, UNAM-UK.
Benjamín Juárez Echenique
Benjamín Juárez Echenique, director of the Center for Mexican Studies of Mexico’s National Autonomous University (UNAM) in Boston, is concurrently professor of Fine Arts and Arts and Leadership at Boston University. He is a member of the Center for Latin American Studies and the Center for the Study of Europe at the Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies at Boston University. He serves as a member of the board of directors of Early Music America, a non-profit organization that develops, strengthens, and celebrates early music in the Americas. He studied music, opera, orchestral conducting and musicology at the National School of Music (ENM) of UNAM in Mexico, CalArts in the United States, and in several Schools and Conservatories in Europe.
He started his academic career at UNAM at the ENEP Acatlán and soon thereafter was appointed head of the Department of Music and Dance, both at UNAM. He has worked as staff conductor for the Symphonic Orchestra of the State of Mexico and Mexico City’s Philharmonic. He has been a guest conductor of some of the most prominent orchestras of Mexico, as well as in Europe, the United States and the People's Republic of China. He was the first Latin American conductor invited to perform in that country, with Shanghai’s Philharmonic.
As an administrator in the academic and cultural field, he was director of cultural activities at the Anahuac Sur University, and General Director of the National Center for the Arts, in fulfillment of Mexico’s Civil Service. He was the Director of Development and Institutional outreach for the Dr. José Ma. Luis Mora Institute, before being selected as Dean of the Faculty of Fine Arts at Boston University, a position he held for five years.
His career has been focused on the research and performance of Mexican and Hispanic music from the Middle Ages to the 21st century. His work on Mexican cathedral music, has produced more than twelve compact discs, published by the Mexican label Urtext Digital Classics, which have been reviewed in the USA and Europe, earning him a Latin Grammy nomination and the bestowal of the Mexico Unido Award.
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Dr. Benjamín Juárez Echenique (director of UNAM-Boston)
Citlali Quecha Reyna
Citlali Quecha Reyna is a researcher at the Institute of Anthropological Research at UNAM. She holds a degree in Social Anthropology from the National School of Anthropology and History in Mexico and a PhD in Anthropology from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She did a post-doctoral stay at the Department of Anthropological Sciences at the Metropolitan Autonomous University. In 2012 she was awarded third place of the 4th UNICEF 2012 Prize in the category of Best Research for her doctoral thesis. From 2013 to 2014 she was Director of Research Promotion Unit at the National Anthropology Coordination of the National Institute of Anthropology and History. She is a member of the National System of Researchers, Level 1, of the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT). She is lectures undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in Anthropology at UNAM. She is part of the Advisory Committee of the University Seminar on Racism and Xenophobia in Mexico (SURXE-UNAM) and her topics of academic research deal with the Afro-descendant population in Mexico, in particular on the following areas: childhood, migration, social movements and religious expressions.
Dra. Citlali Quecha Reyna, (researcher at the Institute of Anthropological Research at UNAM)
Dr. Carlos Miguel Valdés González
(director of UNAM-Costa Rica)
Carlos Miguel Valdés González
He graduated from geophysical engineering in the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and obtained his master and Ph D. in geophysics at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA). During his professional career he has been associate researcher of the National Center of Disasters Prevention in the area of volcanic monitoring, titular researcher of the department of seismology in the Geophysics Institute (UNAM) and Chief to the Seismological National Service from 2005 to 2013. From 2014 to 2018 was designated General Director of the National Center of Disasters Prevention and from October 2018 he is the Director of Center of Mexican Studies UNAM-Costa Rica.
Gerardo Familiar
Gerardo Familiar Ferrer holds a Master’s Degree in Mesoamerican Studies from the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). His research interests include cultural and religious aspects in Mesoamerica, with a particular interest towards the Gulf Coast traditions.
He recently completed a Master’s Degree in Museum Studies from UQO, (Université du Québec en Outaouais) conducting a study of the Mesoamerican collection at the Canadian Museum of History. He teaches at UNAM-Canada since 2009 where he has also curated several exhibitions.
Mtro. Gerardo Familiar, (historian, Université du Quebec)
Dr. Federico Fernández Christlieb
(Director of the Center for Mexican Studies UNAM-France)
Federico Fernández Christlieb
Geographer with a Master's degree in History of Mexico from the UNAM. He was a fellow at the Higher Institute of Architecture-La Cambre in Brussels and in the Erasmus program of the European Union at University College London. He holds a PhD in Geography from the University of Paris-Sorbonne.
Federico Fernández is the author of several books and dozens of chapters and articles on cultural and historical geography, particularly on the transformation of the landscapes and territories of Central Mexico between the 16th and 19th centuries. He was a visiting professor at the Universities of Sussex, England and Ottawa, Canada.
He is currently a researcher at the UNAM’s Institute of Geography and a professor at the National School of Earth Sciences and the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the UNAM.
M. Isaac Landeros (master in Architectural design from UNAM)
Isaac Landeros
Isaac Landeros -graduate in Architecture from the University of Guadalajara and master in Architectural design from the National Autonomous University of Mexico with the research In Transit: Collective Transfer Spaces- is a Mexican designer who lives and works in Beijing since 2012. Detecting meeting points between Mexican and Chinese cultures has been one of the main focuses of his work, taking part in the organization, design or curation of exhibitions in collaboration with the Embassy of Mexico in China and the Mexican Studies Center of UNAM in China, in forums such as the Art Beijing Fair, the National
Museum of Art of China and Beijing Design Week, among others.
In 2019 Mr. Landeros was appointed as the main curator for the Mexico City exhibition as the guest city at Beijing Design Week and Suzhou Design Week. His articles have been published in academic journals such as Anales, from the Institute of Aesthetic Research of UNAM (2012) and Footprints, Delft Architecture Journal (2017), with topics that explore urban phenomena in the 21st century metropolis.
Javier Delgado
Dr. Javier Delgado has a PhD in Urban Planning from UNAM. His research deals with the effects of transport in the urban structure of cities, as well as in its regional scope, its effects on the environment and the long-term formation of its socio-spatial structure. He has coordinated, co-coordinated and participated as a researcher in around 20 research projects on expansion and reconfiguration of the urban structure, socio-spatial inequality, peri urbanization, social vulnerability, mobility and accessibility and environmental effects of transport on air quality and recently, on land market.
These projects have been carried out in the Center for Ecodesarrollo (CECODES, 1982-1986), in the Metropolitan Research Program of UAM-Xochimilco (PIM, 1992-1995) and since 1997, in the Institute of Geography of UNAM. As a result of his research work, he has published 28 articles and 33 book chapters, national as well as international, seven books, one as author and six as coordinator. His administrative work includes the coordination of the Master in Regional Studies of the Mora Institute (1994-1996) and the Graduate Program in Geography of the UNAM (2006-2014).
Currently he is the head of the University Program of Studies on the City (PUEC) of the UNAM (2017-2021). He is full time researcher and currently level III of the SNI program, a member of the Mexican Academy of Sciences since 2010 and of the Young Scholars Committee of the Urban Commission of the International Union of Geography (IGU) from 1997 to 2019 and Vice President of the Urban Commission of the International Geographic Union since 2020.
Dr. Javier Delgado, (head of the University Program of Studies on the City, PUEC, of the UNAM)
Dr. Jean-Luc Pilon (retired archaeologist and curator at the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Québec)
Jean-Luc Pilon
He retired in July 2018 after more than 33 years as an archaeologist and curator at the Canadian Museum of History in Gatineau, Québec. His research has been carried out across Canada's northern regions, in Tierra del Fuego and the First World War battlefields of northern France. Dr. Pilon has especially prized the opportunities that his employment offered him to travel through regions far removed from modern developments and to experience the land as it has been for thousands of years.
He has also spent significant research efforts in the Ottawa Valley where the museum and his own hometown are located. During these investigations he has often benefited from the extensive writings of Samuel de Champlain to gain insights into the Indigenous people Champlain was encountering and describing in the beginning of the 17th century.
Jérôme Monnet
Geographer and professor of development and urban planning at the Paris School of
Urbanism, researcher attached to the City Transport Mobility Laboratory (LVMT) and co-founder of the transversal group Urban pedestrian mobility at LABEX Urban Futures. His research focuses on social representations in the planning of public spaces and in urban and transport policies. He is particularly interested in analyzing the conditions for the development of active mobility, particularly pedestrian mobility,
in collaboration with local authorities and civil society actors.
Jerôme Monnet taught and conducted research on Latin America at the University of Toulouse-Le Mirail. He was an invited fellow at the Getty Research Institute in Los Angeles and served as director of the Center for Mexican and Central American Studies (CEMCA), in Mexico City. In 2005 he joined the research group of the Urban Mutation Theory Laboratory and in 2019 the Lab'Urba (Collective Urban Action Laboratory) of the Gustave Eiffel University. He is currently director of the French Institute of Urbanism and co-director of the Paris School of Urbanism.
Dr. Jérôme Monnet (Director del Instituto Francés de Urbanismo y codirector de la Escuela de Urbanismo de París)
Dr. Jesús Ramos-Kittrell, (professor at the School of Fine Arts of the University of Connecticut)
Jesús A. Ramos-Kittrell
Jesús Ramos-Kittrell's work takes sound as a platform to analyze the articulation of cultural processes through determined socio-political structures. In these processes, Ramos-Kittrell identifies sound as a phenomenological tool with which individuals negotiate power relations that affect their political representation in the public sphere. His publications cover the period of early modernity in the Americas and cultural analyzes of globalization. Previously, Jesús Ramos-Kittrell has worked as a professor of Musicology and Ethnomusicology at Tulane University and Southern Methodist University. He is currently a professor at the School of Fine Arts of the University of Connecticut.
Dr. José Alejandro Velázquez Montes
José Alejandro Velázquez Montes graduated from UNAM as a Biologist in 1984 and in 1993 he completed his PhD in Landscape Ecology at the University of Amsterdam, Holland. Until 1999 he was a full-time professor and head of the Biogeography Laboratory of the Faculty of Sciences of the UNAM; From 2000 he has been a researcher at the Center for Research in Environmental Geography. He has served as academic secretary of UNAM-Canada, director of Academic Cooperation of UNAM. In 2019, he was the Executive Director of the University Coordination for Sustainability at UNAM. He is currently the director of the UNAM Headquarters in Berlin Germany.
Dr. Alejandro Velázquez (director of UNAM-Germany)
Ottmar Ette
Dr. Ottmar Ette, (professor of Romance Literatures at the University of Potsdam)
Dr. Ottmar Ette received his PhD in 1990 from the University of Freiburg (Germany) with a dissertation on José Martí. In 1995 he concluded his habilitation at the Catholic University of Eichstätt with an investigation on Roland Barthes. Since October 1995 he has been Professor of Romance Literatures at the University of Potsdam. His venia legendi includes Romance and Comparative literatures. In 2014 Ottmar Ette was elected Honorary Member of the Modern Language Association of America (MLA).
Since 2013 he is a Full Member in the Humanities Category of the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences (Berlin-Brandenburgischen Akademie der Wissenschaften) and since 2015 he is a Member of the „Leibniz-Sozietät der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. In 2010 he became a member of the Academia Europaea and, among others, an Honorary Member of the Modern Languages Research Institute of the School of Advanced Studies at the University of London.
Between 2004 and 2005 Ottmar Ette was a Fellow at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin); in 2013 Member of the Bayreuth Academy for Advanced African Studies and in 2010, fellow of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS).
Paul Garner
Prof. Garner is a world authority on the porfiriato. He is Emeritus Professor at the Spanish and Latin American Studies Department at Leeds University, where he presided the Cowdray Chair for a decade. He initially studied at Birmingham University and got his doctorate at Liverpool University. He has worked at South Carolina University, King´s College London, University of Wales in Swansea, and Goldsmiths College University of London. He was visiting professor at the Instituto Mora and the Centre for Historic Studies, Colegio de México, for 3 years. He taught the Special Chair for the Centennaries organized by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Mexico, and the Primo Feliciano Velázquez Chair at the Colegio de San Luis Potosí.
He has been member and consultant for the Institute of Latin American Studies at London University; member of the Seminar for Advanced Studies at UNAM´s Social Research Institute; and a research member of the Leverhulme Trust. He has been member of numerous postgraduate evaluation committees in the UK and Latin America, some of them at UNAM. He has received important research grants from the British Academy, Pearson Foundation PLC, the Nuffield Foundation, the AHRC Network, among others. His most important publications are: La Revolución en la provincia: Soberanía estatal y caudillismo serrano en Oaxaca (1910-20), Regional Development in Oaxaca during the Porfiriato (1876-1911), Porfirio Díaz: A Profile in Power , Porfirio Díaz: Del héroe al dictador: una biografía política [best-seller in Mexico], British Lions and Mexican Eagles: Business, Politics, and Empire in the Career of Weetman Pearson in Mexico1889-1919 , Leones Británicos y Águilas Mexicanas: Negocios, política e imperio en la carrera de Weetman Pearson en México 1889-1919 y Porfirio Díaz: Entre el Mito y la Historia.
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Dr. Paul Garner (emeritus Professor at the Spanish and Latin American Studies Department at Leeds University)
Dr. Paul Mvengou Cruz Merino, (associate professor in Anthropology at the Omar Bongo University of Libreville in Gabon, Central Africa)
Paul Mvengou Cruz Merino
Paul Mvengou Cruz Merino is an associate professor in Anthropology at the Omar Bongo University of Libreville in Gabon, Central Africa. He holds a doctorate in anthropology from the Lumière Lyon University in France in 2015. He is a member of the Center for Afro-Ibero-American Studies (CERAFIA) of the Omar Bongo University of Gabon. CERAFIA is a Center associated with the Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO). Paul Mvengou is a member of the Ibero-American Anthropologists Network Association and the Decolonial Studies Network. His lines of research are Afro-Mexican identities and memories, socio-racial dynamics between Mexico and Central Africa, national constructions, comparative decolonial studies between Latin America and Africa, the globalization of Afro-Mexican subjects from the South, and anthropologies from the South. Since 2001, Dr. Mvengou has participated in several international Congresses and Colloquia on Afro-descendants in Latin America, with a particular focus on the Afro-Mexican situation and on the contribution of a comparative dialogue with Africa. He has published in anthropology journals in French and Spanish, and has been a guest evaluator as a reviewer for indexed social science journals in France and Canada. He currently teaches at the Omar Bongo University.
Pedro Pérez Herrero
Professor at the University of Alcalá. Doctor in History from El Colegio de México (Mexico) and the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). Corresponding member of the Mexican Academy of History. Decoration of the Mexican Order of the Aztec Eagle, in insignia grade (2015). Director of the Master's Degree in “Latin America and the European Union: a strategic cooperation”. Director of the University Institute of Research in Latin American Studies (IELAT) of the UAH. He has published 17 books as an author and 22 as editor-coordinator. He is the author of 81 book chapters and 57 articles in specialized journals on American history. He has presented papers in 110 national and international Congresses. He has directed 31 doctoral Dissertations. He has dictated 104 conferences. 36 years of quality research recognized by the Spanish Ministry of Education
Dr. Pedro Pérez Herrero (director of the University Institute of Research in Latin American Studies, IELAT of the UAH)
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Dr. Peter Krieger, (researcher at the Institute for Aesthetic Research and a professor in the Postgraduate Programs in Architecture and Art History at UNAM)
Intellectual impact of Alexander von Humboldt
Transdisciplinary studies on Mexico City at its geolandscapes
Beijing and Mexico City
Coincidences and differences of two megalopolis
Peter Krieger
Dr. Peter Krieger got his PhD in Art History from University of Hamburg, 1996. From 1998 he became a researcher at the Institute for Aesthetic Research and a professor in the Postgraduate Programs in Architecture and Art History at UNAM.
From 2004 to 2012 he served as vice president of the International Committee for the History of Art (CIHA / UNESCO). Between 2007 and 2014 he was a visiting researcher at the Transcultural and Transhistoric Efficiencies of the Baroque Paradigm project, University of Western Ontario, London / ON. From 2010 to 2018 he was a member of the Outdoor Advertising Commission, Seduvi / GDF, CDMX. He was an advisor to the Kyoto Prize der Inamori Foundation, Kyoto, Japan. In 2016 he became Aby-Warburg Professor, Warburg Haus, University of Hamburg, Germany. From April to June 2017 he has been Visiting Fellow, Literary Cultures of the Global South “at the University of Tübingen, Germany / DAAD. In July 2017 he participated as a visiting professor at the University of Regensburg, Germany.
His publications (in Spanish, English, German, French and Chinese) deal with the image and history of the city and landscape in the 20th century, aesthetics and ecology of megacities, political iconography of the landscape, art and science, neo-baroque of the XXI century. His most recent book is entitled: Transparencies / Transitions.
Tomás Federico Arias Castro
He is PhD candidate in Constitutional Law; Master in Political Sciences and Degree in Law. Also he is Director of the Chair of History of Law at the Universidad de Costa Rica, professor at the Diplomatic Institute of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at the Master's Degree in Constitutional Law from the Universidad Estatal a Distancia and the Universidad Escuela Libre de Derecho. President of the Editorial Costa Rica and the Costa Rican Academy of Genealogical Sciences; member of the Society of Friends of the Mexican Academy of History, the National Commission of Historical Commemorations, the Costa Rican Morista Academy, the Association of Genealogy and History of Costa Rica, the Administrative Board and the History Commission of the Bar Association. Specialist in bilateral history between the Republics of Costa Rica and Mexico.
Dr. Tomás Federico Arias Castro (director of the Chair of History of Law at the Universidad de Costa Rica)
Dr. Will Fowler, (researcher at the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland)
Will Fowler
One of the most distinguished British scholars on Mexican history, Will Fowler obtained his doctoral degree at Bristol University with a dissertation about Orizaban polititian and military leader, José María Tornel y Mendívil (1795-1853), supervised by Michael P. Costeloe, Josefina Zoraida Vázquez and Anne Staples, the latter both from El Colegio de México. He works at the Department of Hispanic Studies at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland. He is the author of Santa Anna, ¿héroe o villano? (2018) originally published in English as Santa Anna of Mexico (2007) and La Guerra de los Tres Años (1857-1861) , besides numerous books about the political history of Mexico and Latin America, some of which are Mexico in the Age of Proposals, 1821-1853 (1998), Tornel and Santa Anna (2000), Latin America since 1780 (3rd edition 2016) and The Pronunciamiento in Independent Mexico (2016). He has coordinated 14 collective works of political history, including El conservadurismo mexicano en el siglo XIX (1999), Gobernadores mexicanos (2008) y Diplomacia, negocios y política. Ensayos sobre la relación entre México y el Reino Unido en el siglo XIX (2018). His research focuses on the political ideas and practices of nineteenth-century Mexico, diplomatic relations between Mexico and the United Kingdom, events such as the Three Years War, and the biographies of Tornel and Santa Anna. He was President of the British Society for Latin American Studies (SLAS). He coordinated a research project about the Mexican pronunciamiento in the nineteenth century financed by the AHRC in the UK. He was director of the Modern Language Faculty at St. Andrews. He is currently finishing a theoretical work, The Grammar of Civil War. A Mexican Case Study (1858-61) and he is planning to write the biographies of Maximilian of Habsburg, Tomás Mejía and Miguel Miramón.